These tutorials will introduce you to Java programming language. You'll compile and run your own Java application, using Sun's JDK. It's extremely easy to learn java programming, and in these parts, you'll learn how to write, compile, and run Java applications. Before you can develop corejava applications, you'll need to download the Java Development Kit (JDK).

PART-3


Java Variables and Arithmetic Expressions

Java Variables are used to store data. Variables have type, name, and value. Variable names begin with a character, such as x, D, Y, z. Other examples are xy1, abc2, Count, N, sum, Sum, product etc. These are all variable names.

Different variable types are int, char, double. A variable type tells you what kind of data can be stored in that variable.

The syntax of assignment statements is easy. Assignment statements look like this:

variableName = expression ;

For example:

int x; // This means variable x can store numbers such as 2, 10, -5.

char y; // This means variable y can store single characters 'a', 'A'.

double z; // This means variable z can store real numbers such as
10.45, 3.13411.

The above are declarations for variables x, y and z.

Important points:

1. Note that a variable has to be declared before being used.

2. The values assigned to a variable correspond to its type. Statements below represent assignment of values to a variable.

x = 100; // x is an integer variable.
y = 'A'; // y is a character variable.
abc = 10.45; // abc is of type double (real numbers).

3. Both variable declaration and assignment of values can be done in same statement. For example,

int x;
x = 100; is same as int x = 100;

4. A variable is declared only once.

int x; // Declaration for x.
x = 100; // Initialization.
x = x + 12; // Using x in an assignment statement.

Often in a program you want to give a variable, a constant value. This can be done:

class ConstDemo
{
public static void main ( String[] arg )
{
      final double PI = 3.14;
      final double CONSTANT2 = 100;
. . . . . .
}
}

The reserved word final tells the compiler that the value will not change. The names of constants follow the same rules as the names for variables. (Programmers sometimes use all capital letters for constants; but that is a matter of personal style, not part of the language.)

2. Arithmetic Expressions
--------------------------
An assignment statement or expression changes the value that is held in a variable. Here is a program that uses an assignment statement:

class example
{
        public static void main ( String[] args )
{
        long x ; //a declaration without an initial value

        x = 123; //an assignment statement
        System.out.println("The variable x contains: " + x );
}
}

Java Arithmetic expressions use arithmetic operators such as +, -, /, *, and %. The % operator is the remainder or modulo operator. Arithmetic expressions are used to assign arithmetic values to variables. An expression is a combination of literals, operators, variables, and parentheses used to calculate a value.

The following code describes the use of different arithmetic expressions.

int x, y, z; // Three integer variables declared at the same time.

x = 10;
y = 12;
z = y / x; // z is assigned the value of y divided by x.
// Here z will have value 1.

z = x + y; // z is assigned the value of x+y                                     // Here z will have value 22.

z = y % x // z is assigned the value of remainder when y         // is divided by x. Here z will have value 2.

Java Boolean expressions are expressions which are either true or false. The different boolean operators are < (less than), > (greater than),
== (equal to), >= (greater or equal to), <= (less or equal), != (not equal to).

Example:

int x = 10;
int y = 4;
int z = 5;

(x < 10) // This expression checks if x is less than 10.

(y > 1) // This expression checks if y is greater than 1.

((x - y) == (z + 1)); // This expression checks
// if (x - y) equals (z + 1).

A boolean expression can also be a combination of other boolean expressions. Two or more boolean expressions can be connected using &&
(logical AND) and || (logical OR) operators.

The && operator represents logical AND. The expression is true only if both boolean expressions are true. The || operator represents logical
OR. This expression would be true if any one of the associated expressions is true.

Example:

int x = 10; int y = 4; int z = 5;

(x <= 10) && (y > 1) // This expression checks if x is less
// than 10 AND y is greater than 1.
// This expression is TRUE.

(x*y == 41) || (z == 5) // This expression checks if x*y is equal
// to 40 OR if z is equal to 5.
// This expression is FALSE